Are Emotional Support Animals Covered By Ada

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Service Animals and Emotional Support Animals

Where are they immune and under what conditions?

 Jacquie Brennan
Vinh Nguyen (Ed.)
Southwest ADA Center
A programme of ILRU at TIRR Memorial Hermann

Foreword

This manual is dedicated to the memory of Pax, a devoted guide dog, and to all the handler and canis familiaris teams working together beyond the nation. Guide dogs make it possible for their handlers to travel safely with independence, freedom and nobility.

Pax guided his handler faithfully for over x years. Together they negotiated countless busy intersections and safely traveled the streets of many cities, large and minor. His skillful guiding kept his handler from injury on more than one occasion. He accompanied his handler to business organisation meetings, restaurants, theaters, and social functions where he conducted himself as would whatsoever highly-trained guide dog. Pax was a seasoned traveler and was the first dog to fly in the motel of a domestic aircraft to Not bad United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, a country that had previously barred service animals without extended quarantine.

Pax was born in the kennels of The Seeing Eye in the cute Washington Valley of New Jersey in March 2000. He lived with a puppy-raiser family for almost a year where he learned basic obedience and was exposed to the sights and sounds of community life—the same experiences he would soon confront as a guide canis familiaris. He then went through four months of intensive training where he learned how to guide and ensure the safety of the person with whom he would be matched. In Nov 2001 he was matched with his handler and they worked equally a team until Pax's retirement in January 2012, after a long and successful career. Pax retired with his handler's family, where he lived with two other dogs. His life was total of play, long naps, and recreational walks until his expiry in January 2014.

It is the sincere hope of Pax's handler that this guide volition be useful in improving the understanding about service animals, their purpose and office, their extensive training, and the rights of their handlers to travel freely and to feel the same access to employment, public accommodations, transportation, and services that others take for granted.

I.  Introduction

Individuals with disabilities may use service animals and emotional support animals for a variety of reasons. This guide provides an overview of how major Federal civil rights laws govern the rights of a person requiring a service animal. These laws, as well as instructions on how to file a complaint, are listed in the last section of this publication. Many states too have laws that provide a unlike definition of service animal. You should check your state's law and follow the law that offers the nigh protection for service animals.  The document discusses service animals in a number of different settings as the rules and allowances related to access with service animals volition vary co-ordinate to the police force applied and the setting.

Two. Service Animal Divers past Title Ii and Title III of the ADA

A service animal means any dog that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability, including a physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability. Tasks performed can include, among other things, pulling a wheelchair, retrieving dropped items, alerting a person to a sound, reminding a person to take medication, or pressing an elevator button.

Emotional support animals, condolement animals, and therapy dogs are not service animals under Title II and Title Three of the ADA. Other species of animals, whether wild or domestic, trained or untrained, are non considered service animals either. The piece of work or tasks performed by a service animal must be direct related to the individual'southward disability. Information technology does non matter if a person has a note from a doctor that states that the person has a inability and needs to have the fauna for emotional support. A doctor'due south letter does not turn an animate being into a service fauna.

Examples of animals that fit the ADA's definition of "service animal" because they accept been specifically trained to perform a task for the person with a inability:

· Guide Dog or Seeing Eye® Canis familiarisⁱ is a carefully trained dog that serves as a travel tool for persons who have severe visual impairments or are blind.

· Hearing or Signal Canis familiaris is a dog that has been trained to alert a person who has a meaning hearing loss or is deaf when a sound occurs, such as a knock on the door.

· Psychiatric Service Dog is a dog that has been trained to perform tasks that assist individuals with disabilities to detect the onset of psychiatric episodes and lessen their furnishings. Tasks performed past psychiatric service animals may include reminding the handler to take medicine, providing safety checks or room searches, or turning on lights for persons with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, interrupting self-mutilation by persons with dissociative identity disorders, and keeping disoriented individuals from danger.

· SSigDOG (sensory signal dogs or social point dog) is a dog trained to aid a person with autism. The dog alerts the handler to distracting repetitive movements common among those with autism, allowing the person to stop the movement (due east.g., hand flapping).

· Seizure Response Dog is a dog trained to help a person with a seizure disorder. How the dog serves the person depends on the person's needs. The dog may stand guard over the person during a seizure or the dog may go for help. A few dogs have learned to predict a seizure and warn the person in advance to sit down or move to a safe place.

Under Title 2 and 3 of the ADA, service animals are limited to dogs. However, entities must make reasonable modifications in policies to allow individuals with disabilities to use miniature horses if they accept been individually trained to practice piece of work or perform tasks for individuals with disabilities.

3. Other Support or Therapy Animals

While Emotional Support Animals or Condolement Animals are often used as part of a medical treatment plan as therapy animals, they are non considered service animals under the ADA. These support animals provide companionship, save loneliness, and sometimes aid with depression, anxiety, and sure phobias, just practice not have special training to perform tasks that assist people with disabilities. Even though some states have laws defining therapy animals, these animals are not limited to working with people with disabilities and therefore are not covered past federal laws protecting the employ of service animals.  Therapy animals provide people with therapeutic contact, usually in a clinical setting, to improve their physical, social, emotional, and/or cognitive functioning.

IV. Handler's Responsibilities

The handler is responsible for the care and supervision of his or her service brute. If a service animal behaves in an unacceptable way and the person with a inability does not control the fauna, a business or other entity does non have to allow the animate being onto its premises. Uncontrolled barking, jumping on other people, or running away from the handler are examples of unacceptable behavior for a service creature. A concern has the right to deny admission to a dog that disrupts their concern. For example, a service dog that barks repeatedly and disrupts some other patron's enjoyment of a pic could be asked to leave the theater. Businesses, public programs, and transportation providers may exclude a service fauna when the beast's behavior poses a direct threat to the health or safety of others. If a service creature is growling at other shoppers at a grocery store, the handler may be asked to remove the animal.

· The ADA requires the animal to be under the control of the handler.  This tin occur using a harness, leash, or other tether.  However, in cases where either the handler is unable to concur a tether because of a disability or its use would interfere with the service animal's safe, constructive functioning of work or tasks, the service creature must be under the handler's control by another means, such as vocalization control.²

· The animate being must exist housebroken.³

· The ADA does not require covered entities to provide for the care or supervision of a service animal, including cleaning up after the animal.

· The animal should be vaccinated in accordance with country and local laws.

· An entity may also appraise the type, size, and weight of a miniature equus caballus in determining whether or non the horse will exist immune access to the facility.

V. Handler's Rights

a) Public Facilities and Accommodations

Titles Two and III of the ADA makes it clear that service animals are allowed in public facilities and accommodations. A service animal must exist allowed to accompany the handler to any identify in the edifice or facility where members of the public, program participants, customers, or clients are allowed. Even if the business or public plan has a "no pets" policy, it may not deny entry to a person with a service animal. Service animals are not pets. And so, although a "no pets" policy is perfectly legal, it does not allow a business to exclude service animals.

When a person with a service animal enters a public facility or place of public accommodation, the person cannot exist asked near the nature or extent of his disability. Simply two questions may be asked:

1. Is the creature required because of a inability?

2. What piece of work or task has the animal been trained to perform?

These questions should not be asked, even so, if the animal's service tasks are obvious. For case, the questions may not be asked if the domestic dog is observed guiding an private who is bullheaded or has low vision, pulling a person's wheelchair, or providing assistance with stability or balance to an private with an observable mobility disability.⁴

A public accommodation or facility is not immune to enquire for documentation or proof that the creature has been certified, trained, or licensed equally a service animal. Local laws that prohibit specific breeds of dogs do not apply to service animals.⁵

A place of public accommodation or public entity may not ask an individual with a disability to pay a surcharge, even if people accompanied by pets are required to pay fees. Entities cannot crave anything of people with service animals that they exercise non require of individuals in general, with or without pets. If a public accommodation usually charges individuals for the damage they cause, an individual with a disability may be charged for damage caused by his or her service animal.⁶

b) Employment

Laws prohibit employment bigotry considering of a disability. Employers are required to provide reasonable adaptation. Assuasive an individual with a disability to have a service animal or an emotional support creature back-trail them to piece of work may be considered an accommodation. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which enforces the employment provisions of the ADA (Championship I), does not have a specific regulation on service animals.⁷ In the case of a service animal or an emotional back up animate being, if the disability is not obvious and/or the reason the animal is needed is not clear, an employer may request documentation to constitute the existence of a disability and how the creature helps the individual perform his or her job.

Documentation might include a detailed description of how the animal would aid the employee in performing job tasks and how the creature is trained to behave in the workplace.  A person seeking such an adaptation may suggest that the employer permit the creature to accompany them to work on a trial basis.

Both service and emotional support animals may be excluded from the workplace if they pose either an undue hardship or a straight threat in the workplace.

c) Housing

The Fair Housing Act (FHA) protects a person with a disability from discrimination in obtaining housing. Under this law, a landlord or homeowner'due south association must provide reasonable accommodation to people with disabilities so that they have an equal opportunity to enjoy and employ a dwelling.⁸ Emotional support animals that do not qualify equally service animals under the ADA may nevertheless qualify equally reasonable accommodations nether the FHA.⁹ In cases when a person with a disability uses a service creature or an emotional back up animal, a reasonable adaptation may include waiving a no-pet rule or a pet deposit.¹⁰ This beast is not considered a pet.

A landlord or homeowner's association may not ask a housing bidder about the existence, nature, and extent of his or her inability. However, an private with a disability who requests a reasonable accommodation may be asked to provide documentation so that the landlord or homeowner'southward clan tin properly review the accommodation request.^eleven They tin can enquire a person to certify, in writing, (i) that the tenant or a member of his or her family is a person with a inability; (2) the need for the fauna to help the person with that specific disability; and (3) that the animal actually assists the person with a disability.  It is important to go along in mind that the ADA may apply in the housing context as well, for example with student housing. Where the ADA applies, requiring documentation or certification would not exist permitted with regard to an brute that qualifies as a "service animal."

d) Education

Service animals in public schools (Yard-12) ¹³ – The ADA permits a student with a disability who uses a service animal to accept the animal at school.  In addition, the Individuals with Disabilities Educational activity Deed (Idea) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act allow a educatee to use an animal that does not meet the ADA definition of a service animal if that student's Individual Education Programme (IEP) or Section 504 squad decides the animal is necessary for the student to receive a free and appropriate education.  Where the ADA applies, notwithstanding, schools should be mindful that the use of a service creature is a right that is not dependent upon the decision of an IEP or Section 504 team.^fourteen

Emotional back up animals, therapy animals, and companion animals are seldom allowed to accompany students in public schools. Indeed, the ADA does not contemplate the utilize of animals other than those coming together the definition of "service animal."  Ultimately, the determination whether a student may utilize an beast other than a service animal should be made on a case-by-case basis past the IEP or Department 504 team.

Service animals in postsecondary education settings – Nether the ADA, colleges and universities must permit people with disabilities to bring their service animals into all areas of the facility that are open to the public or to students.

Colleges and universities may have a policy asking students who employ service animals to contact the school's Disability Services Coordinator to register as a student with a disability. Higher education institutions may not require any documentation nearly the training or certification of a service animal. They may, nonetheless, require proof that a service beast has any vaccinations required by state or local laws that apply to all animals.

e) Transportation

A person traveling with a service animal cannot be denied access to transportation, fifty-fifty if at that place is a "no pets" policy. In improver, the person with a service animal cannot exist forced to sit in a particular spot; no additional fees tin can exist charged because the person uses a service animal; and the customer does not take to provide advance notice that s/he volition exist traveling with a service animal.

The laws employ to both public and individual transportation providers and include subways, stock-still-route buses, Paratransit, rails, calorie-free-rail, taxicabs, shuttles and limousine services.

f) Air Travel

At the end of 2020, the U.Due south. Department of Transportation (DOT) announced that it revised its Air Carrier Access Human action regulation on the transportation of service animals by air. Nosotros are working to update the information provided below to align with the changes. While we take the time to update our data, check out a summary of the changes bachelor on DOT's website. You can also find some additional data in DOT's Aviation Consumer Protection'south article about service animals.

The Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) requires airlines to allow service animals and emotional support animals to accompany their handlers in the motel of the aircraft.

Service animals – For evidence that an animal is a service animal, air carriers may ask to encounter identification cards, written documentation, presence of harnesses or tags, or ask for verbal assurances from the private with a inability using the fauna. If airline personnel are uncertain that an animal is a service animal, they may ask one of the following:

ane. What tasks or functions does your creature perform for yous?

2. What has your animal been trained to practise for y'all?

three. Would yous describe how the animal performs this task for you? ¹⁵

Emotional back up and psychiatric service animals – Individuals who travel with emotional support animals or psychiatric service animals may need to provide specific documentation to institute that they take a disability and the reason the animal must travel with them. Individuals who wish to travel with their emotional support or psychiatric animals should contact the airline ahead of time to find out what kind of documentation is required.

Examples of documentation that may exist requested past the airline: Electric current documentation (not more than than ane twelvemonth old) on letterhead from a licensed mental health professional stating (ane) the passenger has a mental health-related disability listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM Four); (ii) having the animal back-trail the rider is necessary to the passenger's mental wellness or handling; (3) the individual providing the assessment of the passenger is a licensed mental health professional and the rider is nether his or her professional person care; and (4) the date and type of the mental health professional's license and the state or other jurisdiction in which it was issued.¹⁶ This documentation may be required every bit a condition of permitting the animal to accompany the passenger in the cabin.

Other animals – According to the ACAA, airlines are not required otherwise to behave animals of whatsoever kind either in the cabin or in the cargo hold. Airlines are free to adopt any policy they choose regarding the wagon of pets and other animals (for case, search and rescue dogs) provided that they comply with other applicable requirements (for case, the Animal Welfare Deed).

Animals such as miniature horses, pigs, and monkeys may exist considered service animals. A carrier must determine on a case-by-case basis according to factors such as the brute'due south size and weight; land and foreign country restrictions; whether or non the animal would pose a direct threat to the health or safety of others; or crusade a fundamental amending in the cabin service.¹⁷ Individuals should contact the airlines ahead of travel to observe out what is permitted.

Airlines are not required to transport unusual animals such as snakes, other reptiles, ferrets, rodents, and spiders. Foreign carriers are not required to transport animals other than dogs.¹⁸

VI. Reaction/Response of Others

Allergies and fear of dogs are not valid reasons for denying access or refusing service to people using service animals.  If employees, fellow travelers, or customers are agape of service animals, a solution may exist to permit enough infinite for that person to avoid getting close to the service brute.

Most allergies to animals are caused by direct contact with the creature. A separated space might be adequate to avoid allergic reactions.

If a person is at risk of a significant allergic reaction to an animal, information technology is the responsibleness of the business or authorities entity to find a way to accommodate both the individual using the service animal and the private with the allergy.

VII. Service Animals in Preparation

a) Air Travel

The Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) does not allow "service animals in training" in the cabin of the aircraft because "in training" status indicates that they do not yet run across the legal definition of service animal. However, similar pet policies, airline policies regarding service animals in training vary. Some airlines permit qualified trainers to bring service animals in preparation aboard an aircraft for training purposes. Trainers of service animals should consult with airlines and become familiar with their policies.

 b) Employment

In the employment setting, employers may be obligated to permit employees to bring their "service fauna in training" into the workplace as a reasonable adaptation, peculiarly if the animate being is being trained to assistance the employee with work-related tasks. The untrained creature may be excluded, however, if it becomes a workplace disruption or causes an undue hardship in the workplace.

c) Public Facilities and Accommodations

Championship Two and III of the ADA does not cover "service animals in training" only several states have laws when they should be allowed access.

Viii. Laws & Enforcement

a) Public Facilities and Accommodations

Championship II of the ADA covers country and local authorities facilities, activities, and programs. Title III of the ADA covers places of public accommodations. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Human activity covers federal government facilities, activities, and programs. Information technology also covers the entities that receive federal funding.

Title 2 and Title III Complaints – These can be filed through private lawsuits in federal court or directed to the U.S. Department of Justice.

U.S. Department of Justice
950 Pennsylvania Artery, N.W.
Ceremonious Rights Sectionalization
Inability Rights Section – NYA
Washington, DC 20530
http://www.ada.gov
800-514-0301 (v)
800-514-0383 (TTY)

Section 504 Complaints – These must be fabricated to the specific federal agency that oversees the program or funding.

b) Employment

Title I of the ADA and Section 501 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act prohibits discrimination in employment. The ADA covers private employers with 15 or more employees; Department 501 applies to federal agencies, and Section 504 applies to whatever plan or entity receiving federal fiscal assistance.

ADA Complaints - A person must file a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) within 180 days of an alleged violation of the ADA. This deadline may be extended to 300 days if there is a country or local fair employment practices agency that too has jurisdiction over this affair. Complaints may be filed in person, by post, or past telephone by contacting the nearest EEOC role. This number is listed in most telephone directories under "U.S. Government." For more information:

http://world wide web.eeoc.gov/contact/alphabetize.cfm
800-669-4000 (voice)
800-669-6820 (TTY)

Department 501 Complaints - Federal employees must contact their agency's Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) officer within 45 days of an alleged Department 501 violation.

Department 504 Complaints – These must be filed with the federal bureau that funded the employer.

c) Housing

The Fair Housing Human activity (FHA), as amended in 1988, applies to housing. Department 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in all housing programs and activities that are either conducted past the federal government or receive federal financial assistance. Title 2 of the ADA applies to housing provided by state or local regime entities.

Complaints – Housing complaints may be filed with the Section of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Part of Off-white Housing and Equal Opportunity.

http://www.hud.gov/fairhousing

800-669-9777 (vocalisation)

800-927-9275 (TTY)

d) Instruction

Students with disabilities in public schools (K-12) are covered past Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Title Ii of the ADA, and Department 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Students with disabilities in public postsecondary education are covered by Title Ii and Section 504.  Title Three of the ADA applies to private schools (M-12 and post-secondary) that are not operated by religious entities. Private schools that receive federal funding are also covered by Section 504.

Idea Complaints - Parents can asking a due process hearing and a review from the state educational agency if applicable in that land. They also can appeal the state bureau's determination to state or federal court. Y'all may contact the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS) for further information or to provide your own thoughts and ideas on how they may ameliorate serve individuals with disabilities, their families and their communities.

For more than data contact:

Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

U.South. Department of Teaching

400 Maryland Avenue, S.W.

Washington, DC 20202-7100

202-245-7468 (vox)

Title Two of the ADA and Section 504 Complaints - The Part for Civil Rights (OCR) in the Department of Education enforces Title II of the ADA and Department 504 every bit they apply to instruction. Those who accept had admission denied due to a service creature may file a complaint with OCR or file a private lawsuit in federal courtroom. An OCR complaint must be filed within 180 calendar days of the date of the alleged discrimination, unless the time for filing is extended for adept cause. Before filing an OCR complaint against an institution, an individual may want to find out about the institution's grievance procedure and use that process to have the complaint resolved. Yet, an private is not required by police force to use the institutional grievance process before filing a complaint with OCR. If someone uses an institutional grievance process and then chooses to file the complaint with OCR, the complaint must be filed with OCR within 60 days subsequently the concluding act of the institutional grievance process.

For more data contact:

U.S. Department of Education

Office for Civil Rights

400 Maryland Avenue, S.West.

Washington, DC 20202-1100

Customer Service: 800-421-3481 (vocalization)

800-877-8339 (TTY)

Due east-mail: OCR@ed.gov

http://www2.ed.gov/virtually/offices/list/ocr/docs/howto.html

Title 3 Complaints – These may be filed with the Department of Justice.

U.Southward. Department of Justice

950 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.Westward.

Civil Rights Division

Disability Rights Section – NYA

Washington, DC 20530

http://www.ada.gov/

800-514-0301 (5)

800-514-0383 (TTY)

due east) Transportation

Championship II of the ADA applies to public transportation while Title III of the ADA applies to transportation provided by individual entities. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Human activity applies to federal entities and recipients of federal funding that provide transportation.

Title Two and Section 504 Complaints – These may be filed with the Federal Transit Assistants'due south Office of Civil Rights. For more than information, contact:

Director, FTA Part of Civil Rights

East Building – 5th Floor, TCR

1200 New Jersey Ave., Due south.E.

Washington, DC 20590
FTA ADA Assistance Line: 888-446-4511 (Voice)
800-877-8339 (Federal Information Relay Service)
http://www.fta.dot.gov/civil_rights.html
http://world wide web.fta.dot.gov/12874_3889.html (Complaint Form)

Title Iii Complaints – These may be filed with the Department of Justice.

U.South. Department of Justice

950 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.West.

Civil Rights Division

Disability Rights Section – NYA

Washington, DC 20530

http://world wide web.ada.gov
800-514-0301 (5)

800-514-0383 (TTY)

Note: A person does non accept to file a complaint with the respective federal agency before filing a lawsuit in federal court.

f) Air Transportation

The Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) covers airlines. Its regulations analyze what animals are considered service animals and explain how each type of animal should be treated.

ACAA complaints may be submitted to the Department of Transportation's Aviation Consumer Protection Division. Air travelers who experience disability-related air travel service problems may call the hotline at 800-778-4838 (voice) or 800- 455-9880 (TTY) to obtain assistance. Air travelers who would similar the Department of Transportation (DOT) to investigate a complaint about a disability issue must submit their complaint in writing or via electronic mail to:

Aviation Consumer Protection Sectionalization
Attn: C-75-D
U.S. Department of Transportation
1200 New Jersey Ave, Southward.E.
Washington, DC 20590

For additional information and questions most your rights under any of these laws, contact your regional ADA heart at 800-949-4232 (voice/TTY).

Acknowledgements

The contents of this booklet were developed by the Southwest ADA Center under a grant (#H133A110027) from the Section of Teaching'due south National Found on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR). Yet, those contents exercise not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education and you should not presume endorsement past the Federal Government.

Southwest ADA Middle at ILRU
TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center
1333 Moursund St.
Houston, Texas 77030
713.520.0232 (vox/TTY)
800.949.4232 (vocalism/TTY)
http://www.southwestada.org

The Southwest ADA Center is a program of ILRU (Independent Living Research Utilization) at TIRR Memorial Hermann.  The Southwest ADA Center is part of a national network of ten regional ADA Centers that provide up-to-date information, referrals, resources, and training on the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The centers serve a diversity of audiences, including businesses, employers, government entities, and individuals with disabilities. Telephone call 1-800-949-4232 v/tty to reach the center that serves your region or visit http://www.adata.org.

This book is printed courtesy of the ADA National Network. The Southwest ADA Center would like to thank Jacquie Brennan (author), Ramin Taheri, Richard Picayune, Kathy Gips, Sally Weiss, Wendy Strobel Gower, Erin Marie Sember-Chase, Marian Vessels, and the ADA Knowledge Translation Middle at the University of Washington for their contributions to this booklet.

© Southwest ADA Heart 2014. All rights reserved

Principal Investigator: Lex Frieden
Project Manager: Vinh Nguyen
Publication staff: Maria DelBosque, Marisa Demaya, and George Powers

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[i] http://www.seeingeye.org

[2] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(4); 28 C.F.,R. § 35.136(d).

[iii] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(two); 28 C.F.,R. §35.136(b)(2).

[4] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(six).

[5] See 28 C.F.R. Pt. 35, App. A; Sak v. Aurelia, Urban center of,  C 11-4111-MWB (N.D. Iowa Dec. 28, 2011)

[6] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(8).

[vii] 29 C.F.R. Pt. 1630 App. The EEOC, in the Interpretive Guidance accompanying the regulations, stated that guide dogs may be an accommodation..."For case, it would be a reasonable accommodation for an employer to permit an individual who is blind to use a guide dog at work, even though the employer would not exist required to provide a guide domestic dog for the employee."

[8] 42 U.Southward.C. § 3604(f)(3)(B).

[nine] Fair Housing of the Dakotas, Inc. v. Goldmark Prop. Mgmt., Inc., 3:09-cv-58 (D.Northward.D. Mar. 30, 2011): "… the FHA encompasses all types of assistance animals regardless of grooming, including those that ameliorate a physical disability and those that meliorate a mental disability."

[10] Come across Bronk v. Ineichen, 54 F.3d 425, 428-429 (7th Cir. 1995); HUD 5. Purkett, FH-FL 19372 (HUDALJ July 31, 1990) Green v. Housing Dominance of Clackamas County, 994 F.Supp. 1253 (D. Ore. 1998).

[11] Hawn five. Shoreline Towers Phase i Condominium Clan, Inc., 347 Fed. Appx. 464 (11th Cir. 2009).

[12] Run across "Pet Ownership for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities", 73 Federal Register 208 (27 October 2008), pp. 63834-63838; United States. (2004). Reasonable Accommodations under the Fair Housing Deed: Joint Statement of the Section of Housing and Urban Evolution and Department of Justice. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.Due south. Department of Justice [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 03/06/2014 from http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/hce/jointstatement_ra.php.

[thirteen] Private schools that are not operated by religious entities are considered public accommodations. Please refer to Section Five(a).

[fourteen] Sullivan 5. Vallejo Urban center Unified Sch. Dist., 731 F. Supp. 947 (E.D. Cal. 1990).

[15] "Guidance Concerning Service Animals in Air Transportation", 68 Federal Register 90 (9 May 2003), p. 24875.

[xvi] 14 C.F.R. § 382.117(e).

[17] xiv C.F.R. § 382.117(f).

[18] Id.

Source: https://adata.org/guide/service-animals-and-emotional-support-animals

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